Introduction to radar systems / Merrill I. Skolnik.

Includes index.

Accompanied by Solutions manual (1 v. various pagings).

Contents : Preface ix -- 1 The Nature of Radar l 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Simple Form of the Radar Equation 3 1.3 Radar Block Diagram and Operation 5 1.4 Radar Frequencies 7 1.5 Radar Development Prior to World War II 8 1.6 Applications of Radar 12 References 14 2 The Radar Equation 15 2.1 Prediction of Range Performance 15 2.2 Minimum Detectable Signal 16 2.3 Receiver Noise 18 2.4 Probability-density Functions 20 2.5 Signal-to-noise Ratio 23 2.6 Integration of Radar Pulses 29 2.7 Radar Cross Section of Targets 33 2.8 Cross-section Fluctuations 46 2.9 Transmitter Power 52 2.10 Pulse Repetition Frequency and Range Ambiguities 53 2.11 Antenna Parameters 54 2.12 System Losses 56 2.13 Propagation Effects 62 2.14 Other Considerations 62 References 65 3 CW and Frequency-Modulated Radar 68 3.1 The Doppler Effect 68 3.2 CW Radar 70 3.3 Frequency-modulated CW Radar 81 3.4 Airborne Doppler Navigation 92 3.5 Multiple-Frequency CW Radar 95 References 98 4 MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Delay-Line Cancelers 106 4.3 Multiple, or Staggered, Pulse Repetition Frequencies 114 4 4 Range-Gated Doppler Filters 117 4.5 Digital Signal Processing 119 4.6 Other MTI Delay Lines 126 4.7 Example of an MTi Radar Processor 127 4.8 Limitations to MTI Performance 129 4.9 Noncoherent MTI 138 4.10 Pulse Doppler Radar 139 4.11 MTI from a Moving Platform 140 4.12 Other Types of MTI 147 References 148 5. Tracking Radar 152 5.1 Tracking with Radar 152 5.2 Sequential Lobing 153 5.3 Conical Scan 155 5.4 Monopulse Tracking Radar 160 5.5 Target-Reflection Characteristics and Angular Accuracy 167 5.6 Tracking in Range 176 5.7 Acquisition j 77 5.8 Other Topics 17g 5.9 Comparison of Trackers 182 5.10 Tracking with Surveillance Radar 183 References 186 6 Radar Transmitters 190 6.1 Introduction 190 6.2 The Magnetron Oscillator 192 6.3 Klystron Amplifier 200 6.4 Traveling-Wave-Tube Amplifier 206 6.5 Hybrid Linear-Beam Amplifier 208 6.6 Crossed-Field Amplifiers 208 6.7 Grid-Controlled Tubes 213 6.8 Modulators 214 6.9 Solid-State Transmitters 216 References 220 7 Radar Antennas 223 7.1 Antenna Parameters 223 7.2 Antenna Radiation Pattern and Aperture Distribution 228 7.3 Parabolic-Reflector Antennas 235 7.4 Scanning-Feed Reflector Antennas 244 7.5 Lens Antennas 248 7.6 Pattern Synthesis 254 7.7 Cosecant-Squared Antenna Pattern 258 7.8 Effect of Errors on Radiation Patterns 262 7.9 Radomes 264 7.10 Stabilization of Antennas 270 References 273 8 The Electronically Steered Phased Array Antenna in Radar 278 8.1 Introduction 278 8.2 Basic Concepts 279 8.3 Phase Shifters 286 8.4 Frequency-Scan Arrays 298 8.5 Array Elements 305 8.6 Feeds for Arrays 306 8.7 Simultaneous Multiple Beams from Array Antennas 310 8.8 Random Errors in Arrays 318 8.9 Computer Control of Phased-Array Radar 322 8.10 Other Array Topics 328 8.11 Applications of the Array in Radar 334 8.12 Advantages and Limitations 335 References 337 9 Receivers, Displays, and Duplexers 343 9.1 The Radar Receiver 343 9.2 Noise Figure 344 9.3 Mixers 347 9.4 Low-Noise Front-Ends 351 9.5 Displays 353 9.6 Duplexers and Receiver Protectors 359 References 366 10 Detection of Radar Signals in Noise 369 10.1 Introduction 369 10.2 Matched-Filter Receiver 369 10.3 Correlation Detection 375 10.4 Detection Criteria 376 10.5 Detector Characteristics 382 10.6 Performance of the Radar Operator 386 10.7 Automatic Detection 388 10.8 Constant-False-Alarm-Rate (CFAR) Receiver 392 References 395 11 Extraction of Information and Waveform Design 399 11.1 Introduction 399 11.2 Information Available from a Radar 399 11.3 Theoretical Accuracy of Radar Measurements 400 11.4 Ambiguity Diagram 411 11.5 Pulse Compression 420 11.6 Classification of Targets with Radar 434 References 438 12 Propagation of Radar Waves 441 12.1 Introduction 441 12.2 Propagation over a Plane Earth 442 12.3 The Round Earth 446 12.4 Refraction 447 12.5 Anomalous Propagation 450 12.6 Diffraction 456 12.7 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases 459 12.8 Environmental Noise 461 12.9 Microwave-Radiation Hazards 465 References 466 13 Radar Clutter 470 13.1 Introduction to Radar Clutter 470 13.2 Surface-Clutter Radar Equations 471 13.3 Sea Clutter 474 13.4 Detection of Targets in Sea Clutter 482 13.5 Land Clutter 489 13.6 Detection of Targets in Land Clutter 497 13.7 Effects of Weather on Radar 498 13.8 Detection of Targets in Precipitation 504 13.9 Angel Echoes 508 References 512 14 Other Radar Topics 517 14.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar 517 14.2 HF Over-the-Horizon Radar 529 14.3 Aii-Surveillance Radar 536 14.4 Hcight-Finder and 3D Radars 541 14.5 Electronic Counter-Countermeasures 547 14.6 Bistatic Radar 553 14.7 Millimeter Waves and Beyond 560 Reference 566 Index 571.